By Phoebe Moses
A new study, published this month in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, reports that homophobia can result—at least partially—from suppressing same-sex attraction.
The study analyzed six separate experiments conducted by researchers on approximately 800 university students in the U.S. and Germany, and provides empirical evidence that some homophobic individuals are in actuality manifesting externally the repressed sexual attraction they are experiencing for members of the same sex.
According to the study’s lead author, Dr. Netta Weinstein, a psychology professor at the University of Essex (U.K.): “Individuals who identify as straight but in psychological tests show a strong attraction to the same sex may be threatened by gays and lesbians because homosexuals remind them of similar tendencies within themselves.”
This hypothesis—that same-sex attraction, repressed by shame, fear, or other negative responses, manifests outwardly as homophobia— was acknowledged by one of the people cited in the research as examples of the theory: Ted Haggard, the evangelist whose pulpit blazed with the righteous fire of a brimstone-filled future for gay men (until a gay sex scandal involving a male hustler resulted in his resigning in disgrace) said in his apology during the scandal, “I think I was partially so vehement because of my own war [with same-sex attraction].”
Freud referred to this as a “reaction formation.” “In many cases these are people who are at war with themselves and they are turning this internal conflict outward,” said Dr. Richard Ryan, professor of psychology and psychiatry at the University of Rochester, and the study’s co-author.
Previous research conducted in 1996 by University of Georgia Department of Psychology found that hostility to gays is associated with homosexual arousal: this arousal was either unknown to or denied by the homophobic person who was experiencing it. The current study supports this, adding that those subjects who reported being heterosexual, but who experienced homosexual attraction under study conditions, were more likely to be homophobic.
Besides Haggard, the new study also offered other recent examples of religious and political conservatives who have made a career of opposition to LGBT rights—only to be outed in the most public and (often for their families) shameful of circumstances. Among those cited: former U.S. Sen. Larry Craig of Idaho, an opponent of including sexual identity in federal hate crimes statutes who was arrested for lewd behavior in a Minneapolis men’s room after he approached an undercover police officer for sexual favors; and Glenn Murphy Jr., a rising star in the GOP and former National Chair of the Young Republicans and opponent of marriage equality, who pleaded guilty in 2007 following accusations that he had performed oral sex on a sleeping 22-year-old man.
“We laugh at or make fun of such blatant hypocrisy, but in a real way, these people may often themselves be victims of repression and experience exaggerated feelings of threat,” added Ryan. “Homophobia is not a laughing matter. It can sometimes have tragic consequences,” citing the 1998 murder of Matthew Shepard and the 2008 shooting death of 15 year old Lawrence King.
In the study published this month, participants were asked to rate their sexual orientation on a scale from one to 10, from gay to straight. A computer-administered test assessed their ‘implicit’ and ‘explicit’ sexual orientations, including how they reacted to words (“gay,” “homosexual”) and images of a sexual nature during a split-second timed task.
Pictures of gay and straight couples were displayed for tracking participant reactions, and they were likewise asked to agree or disagree with phrases that described their relationships with their parents, such as “I felt free to be who I am,” or “I felt controlled and pressured in certain ways.”
The level of tolerance in their homes was measured with responses to such statements as “My dad avoids gay men whenever possible,” and “It would be upsetting for my mom to find out she was alone with a lesbian.” The study suggests that at least some of those with intense feelings of hostility to gay people were likely themselves to have been the victims of oppression and intolerance.
Displaying the word “me” or “other” for the briefest of intervals onscreen before each word or image was flashed, the authors say that the participants subliminally processed the word through “semantic association.” (When the word “me” precedes a word or image that reflects the viewer’s actual sexual orientation, these images are mentally sorted into the correct category faster than when “me” precedes those words or images that do not accurately reflect sexual orientation.) The study authors say this methodology is similar to tests that are used to measure other traits, like a subconscious racial bias.
The researchers identified those study participants who, in spite of a “straight” self-identification, displayed same-sex attraction (that is, they associated “me” with gay-related words and pictures faster than they associated “me” with straight-related words and pictures). The authors said that more than 20 percent of such self-described “straight” individuals showed this discrepancy.
Like the aforementioned Haggard, Craig, and Murphy, the study reported that other individuals who reflect this “discrepancy” are at a far greater likelihood of supporting policies and laws that are hostile to LGBT individuals. In short, a significant number of those who express homophobic and hostile attitudes towards gays are likely to manifest some measure of same-gender attraction.
The authors note that participants who had supportive parents and who grew up in a tolerant environment were more likely to accept their own implicit sexual identity, while the opposite holds true for those reared in controlling, intolerant homes.